Theories of Landforms Development

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1. Youthful stage
2. Mature stage
3. Old stage
4. All of the above

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1. It remains almost parallel to the horizontal axis
2. It falls rapidly
3. It rises rapidly
4. It disappears completely

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1. Vertical erosion
2. Lateral erosion
3. Stream lengthening
4. Valley widening

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1. Valley incision
2. Relative relief
3. Absolute relief
4. Maximum entropy

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1. A model involving progressive changes in landforms through time
2. A model involving abrupt changes in landforms through time
3. A model involving static landforms
4. A model involving no change in landforms

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1. 1899
2. 1950
3. 1975
4. 1875

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1. S. Judson
2. C. G. Higgins
3. R.C. Flemal
4. C.R. Twidale

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1. Highly complex and inapplicable
2. Presented in a confusing and unconvincing style
3. Based on inaccurate field observations
4. Highly simple and applicable

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1. The concept of 'earthquakes' and 'volcanoes'
2. The concept of 'gravity' and 'friction'
3. The concept of 'base level' and genetic classification of river valleys, the concept of 'graded streams' of G.K. Gilbert and French engineers' concept of 'profile of equilibrium'
4. The concept of 'clouds' and 'rain'

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1. Because upliftment is a show and long continued process, not rapid rate of upliftment of short duration.
2. Because Davis deliberately excluded erosion from the phase of upliftment, making the model simple.
3. Because plates are always in motion and the crust is very often affected by tectonic events, which contradicts Davis' model.
4. Because Davis overemphasized time and failed to build any model of lithological adjustment of landforms.

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1. To make the model simple.
2. Because erosion is insignificant during the phase of upliftment.
3. Because erosion cannot start unless upliftment is complete.
4. Because erosion begins as the land rises.

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1. The Davisian model requires a long period of crustal stability for the completion of cycle of erosion.
2. Walther Penck objected to overemphasis of time in Davis' model.
3. The Davisian concept of ‘historical evolution’ of landforms was rejected by several modern geomorphologists.
4. Plates are always in motion and the crust is very often affected by tectonic events, which contradicts Davis' model.

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Options:

1. Davis overemphasized time in his model.
2. Davis' model requires a long period of crustal stability for the completion of cycle of erosion.
3. Davisian model envisages ‘time-dependent series’ of landform development whereas Penck pleaded for ‘time independent series’ of landforms.
4. Davis failed to build any model of lithological adjustment of landforms.

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Options:

1. A non-cyclic concept of landform development.
2. Davis' concept of upliftment and erosion.
3. A model of lithological adjustment of landforms.
4. A balance between available energy and the work to be done.

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Options:

1. Erosion is never effective in the absence of sediments and the whole energy is spent in transporting the sediments and erosion becomes totally absent is practically not possible.
2. Davis failed to build any model of lithological adjustment of landforms.
3. Davis' interpretation of geomorphic processes was entirely based on empirical observation rather than on field instrumentation and measurement.
4. The concept of balance between available energy and the work to be done has not been properly explained by Davis.

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