Theories of Landforms Development

Options:

1. The study of the external form of landforms
2. The study of the detailed causal mechanisms and materials of landforms
3. The study of the interrelationships of physical and chemical processes in landforms
4. The study of geomorphologists and biochemists

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Options:

1. It emphasizes the study of the external form of landforms
2. It emphasizes the study of physical and chemical mechanisms operating in the geomaterials and geological structure within the external forms
3. It emphasizes the study of processes at micro-scales
4. It emphasizes the study of processes at meso-scale

Correct Answer

Options:

1. Macro-scale form study was preferred to meso-scale process study
2. Meso-scale form study was preferred to macro-scale process study
3. Micro-scale process study was preferred to meso-scale form study
4. Meso-scale process study was preferred to micro-scale process study

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Options:

1. G.K. Gilbert
2. A.K. Sundborg
3. R.E. Horton
4. All of the above

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Options:

1. They require specially trained geoscientists in general and biochemists in particular.
2. The results drawn through the investigation of processes at micro-scales may not be applicable for the generalization of mechanisms of processes at meso-scale.
3. Both A and B
4. None of the above

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Options:

1. He preferred to theorize about landform development
2. He focused on collecting information and data through field observation and instrumentation
3. He solely relied on existing theories to study landforms
4. He conducted experiments in a laboratory setting

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Options:

1. He did not have enough data to support any theory
2. Tentative theories of landform development are seldom proved on the basis of field data
3. He did not want to limit his research to a specific theory
4. He believed that the study of landforms should be left to theorists

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Options:

1. Law of uniform slope
2. Law of structure
3. Law of increasing acclivity
4. Law of decreasing entropy

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Options:

1. To develop a common theory regarding the evolution and development of landforms
2. To collect information and data through field observation and instrumentation
3. To identify and quantify frictional rhythms and determine their dynamic competition
4. To interpret geomorphic processes using scientific methods

Correct Answer

Options:

1. a. Concept of quality, concept of energy, and concept of entropy
2. b. Concept of quantification, concept of time, and concept of equilibrium
3. c. Concept of thermodynamics, concept of energy, and concept of disorder
4. d. Concept of rhythm, concept of entropy, and concept of balance

Correct Answer

Options:

1. He focused more on quality than quantity
2. He did not apply any laws to the analysis of geological processes
3. He applied the laws of thermodynamics and gave more emphasis to quantity
4. He relied solely on field observation to interpret geomorphic processes and landforms

Correct Answer

Options:

1. Energy is neither created nor destroyed but total energy remains constant and it can be transferred from one type to another type
2. As time passes and the energy within the system becomes more equally distributed, the entropy increases until, at the state of maximum entropy, all parts of the closed system have the same energy level
3. With the passage of time, a system tends to achieve minimum energy and maximum entropy
4. Energy cannot be transferred from one type to another type, and it is not conserved

Correct Answer

Options:

1. Energy is neither created nor destroyed but total energy remains constant and it can be transferred from one type to another type
2. As time passes and the energy within the system becomes more equally distributed, the entropy increases until, at the state of maximum entropy, all parts of the closed system have the same energy level
3. With the passage of time, a system tends to achieve minimum energy and maximum entropy
4. Energy cannot be transferred from one type to another type, and it is not conserved

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Options:

1. Retrodiction
2. Prediction
3. Both A and B
4. None of the above

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Options:

1. Concept of climate and revolution
2. Concept of rhythm and equilibrium
3. Concept of evolution and steady state
4. None of the above

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Options:

1. He rejected the evolutionary concept involving continuous progressive change in landforms through time
2. He advocated the concept of time-independent model of landform development involving dynamic equilibrium and steady state
3. Both A and B
4. None of the above

Correct Answer

Options:

1. In the final form of any functional system, the sum of the forces acting on the final form equals zero.
2. The principle of least work becomes operative wherein the sum of driving and resisting forces becomes zero.
3. Both A and B
4. None of the above

Correct Answer

Options:

1. The downstream flow of river water is guided by the force of gravity wherein the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
2. The driving force in the case of a river (say energy of the river system) is provided by its flow velocity while the resistance is offered by the bed-load and lithology of river valley.
3. So long as the system energy say driving force (flow velocity) equals the resisting force say frictional force, the state of equilibrium is established.
4. All of the above

Correct Answer

Options:

1. R.C. Palmquist
2. William Morris Davis
3. Both A and B
4. None of the above

Correct Answer

Options:

1. 1889
2. 1899
3. 1909
4. 1919

Correct Answer