Channel Morphology

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1. Increases it
2. Decreases it
3. Does not affect it
4. Cannot be determined

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1. 1.5 times longer
2. 5 to 7 times longer
3. 3 to 5 times longer
4. Cannot be determined

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1. 5 to 7 times the channel width
2. 3 to 5 times the channel width
3. 1.5 times the length of riffles
4. Cannot be determined

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1. Stage 1
2. Stage 2
3. Stage 3
4. Stage 4

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1. Bedrock channels and alluvial channels
2. Deep channels and shallow channels
3. Straight channels and meandering channels
4. Erosive channels and depositional channels

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1. They occur where sediment supply exceeds potential rates of removal.
2. They are also called depositional channels.
3. They are found only in high mountain areas with gentle slopes.
4. They are largely determined by climatic controls.

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1. The Nile and the Amazon
2. The Ganga and the Yamuna
3. The Mississippi and the Missouri
4. The Danube and the Rhine

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1. The Nile
2. The Amazon
3. The Colorado
4. The Yangtze

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1. Deposition
2. Corrosion
3. Sedimentation
4. Diffusion

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1. The breakdown of rocks due to the impact of water currents
2. The formation of deep and narrow valleys
3. The erosion of sediments in alluvial channels
4. The formation of pools and potholes in channel floors

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1. Due to the erosion of rock banks
2. Due to the deposition of sediments
3. Due to the impact of water currents
4. Due to structural control of nick points

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1. Straight reaches in the bedrock channels
2. Pools and potholes in the channel floor
3. Frequent breaks in slope in the bedrock channels
4. Temporal changes in alluvial channels

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1. Sinuous to meandering and braided channel patterns
2. Degradation, aggradation, and again degradation
3. Shift of transverse bars, alternate bar shift, neck cutoff, chute cutoff, meander shift, and avulsion
4. Pools and riffles, shoals, sand bars, point bars, sand islands, sand dunes

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Options:

1. Water discharge, water surface slope, and character of the boundary material
2. Height of the concave bank, vegetation, and ratio of radius of channel curvature to channel width
3. Sediment supply and degree of temporal channel changes
4. All of the above

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1. Deposition of sediments in downstream reach
2. Shortening of channel length through meander cutoffs
3. Erosion of sediments upstream
4. Shift of transverse bars

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1. Braided channels
2. Straight channels
3. Unstable channels
4. All of the above

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1. Water discharge and vegetation cover
2. Sediment load and water temperature
3. Water discharge and sediment load
4. Water depth and channel width

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1. Suspended-load channel with straight course and uniform depth
2. Mixed-load straight channel with sinuous thalweg and small coarse sediments
3. Suspended-load channel with high sinuosity, uniform channel width, stable banks
4. Gravel-load channel with wide and shallow channel, variable channel width, chute cutoffs and shifts in thalweg and meander

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1. Sinuosity
2. Channel stability
3. Number of channels
4. Sediment particle size

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Options:

1. Less than 1.05
2. Between 1.05 and 1.5
3. More than 1.5
4. Not defined by Leopold and Wolman (1957)

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