Indian Monsoon
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We know the Indian Monsoon is vital for the farm-dependent economy, contributing significantly to water resources, but scientifically, this seasonal wind pattern is characterized by a major directional change. What Arabic word is the origin of the term “monsoon”?
Options:
Option: A
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Considering that the monsoon is the “lifeline” of India, delivering about 75% of its annual rainfall, which major system is characterized as a low-pressure belt near the Equator where trade winds converge, playing a primary role in pulling moist winds inland during summer?
Options:
Option: B
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The Southwest Monsoon is a defining feature of India’s climate, bringing moisture-laden winds generally from June to September. What is the traditional explanation, similar to land and sea breezes but operating on a seasonal scale, which describes the monsoon due to thermal disparities between land and ocean?
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Option: B
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The monsoon wind pattern reverses direction as seasons change. During the North-East Monsoon, observed primarily from October to December, rain is mainly delivered to a specific coast due to winds blowing from land to sea. Which region primarily benefits from the North-East monsoon rainfall?
Options:
Option: C
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Climate change research shows significant impacts on the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR). Studies have documented an increase in the frequency of extreme events, specifically those falling in the ‘Very Heavy’ rainfall category, which exceed a certain threshold. What is the minimum rainfall threshold generally used to define “Very Heavy events” (as defined in one major study context)?
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Option: B
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Experts highlight that the intensity of extreme rain events (99.9 percentile) over India is scaling significantly with Global Temperature Change. For every 1 Kelvin (K) increase in global temperature, by what approximate percentage is the intensity of these extreme events increasing?
Options:
Option: B
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Monsoon forecasting for Indian farmers, particularly smallholder farmers who depend on precise timing, remains a challenge. Recently, AI has been deployed to help 38 million farmers with advance predictions. Which institution collaborated with Google Research, utilizing the NeuralGCM model, to achieve these improved forecasts?
Options:
Option: C
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India’s agricultural sector heavily relies on the southwest monsoon, often referred to as the country’s economic “lifeline,” delivering about 75% of annual rainfall. Approximately what percentage of India’s net arable land lacks irrigation, making monsoon crucial for agriculture?
Options:
Option: C
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The modern theory of monsoon mechanism is centered on the seasonal migration of the ITCZ. When the southeast trade winds cross the Equator, they are deflected right due to a physical force, transforming them into the southwest monsoons. What is this deflection force called?
Options:
Option: C
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The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), an atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, is characterized by a sea-surface temperature difference between two specific areas in the Indian Ocean, peaking typically in October. Which two regions define the temperature difference for the IOD?
Options:
Option: B
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A positive phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) has an important relationship with the Indian Monsoon. What is the observed tendency during a positive IOD event regarding monsoon rainfall over Central India?
Options:
Option: C
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The onset of the southwest monsoon is a crucial annual event, usually signaling the start of the primary rainy season. According to IMD’s historical schedule, what is the typical date for the monsoon to arrive on the Kerala coast?
Options:
Option: B
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The term “Monsoon Trough” is associated with the active phase of the monsoon, representing a low-pressure area extending from the heat low over Northwest India. This trough is essentially the northward-shifted position of which global circulation feature during July?
Options:
Option: C
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During the 2024 Southwest Monsoon, the total seasonal rainfall for the country as a whole was recorded as 108% of the Long Period Average (LPA). Which homogeneous region experienced the highest percentage of rainfall compared to its LPA?
Options:
Option: C
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Climate change studies suggest that the traditional belief of “wet gets wetter and dry gets drier” might be countered in India. Researchers asked whether climate change could transform the semiarid Northwest India into a humid core monsoon-like climate. Which historical period provided evidence that Northwest India was historically “very WET”?
Options:
Option: B
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The onset and progression of the monsoon are closely tied to the strength of circulation patterns. The Mascarene High (MH), a high-pressure system in the southern Indian Ocean, is known to amplify the cross-equatorial flow and reinforce the monsoon over the Arabian Sea when it strengthens. Which month during the 2024 season saw the highest pressure value (indicating peak strength) for the Mascarene High?
Options:
Option: D
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The withdrawal of the Southwest Monsoon from India is a gradual process that starts from the western regions. In 2024, the withdrawal commenced from West Rajasthan with a delay of 6 days from its normal date. On which date did the SWM officially withdraw from the entire country in 2024?
Options:
Option: C
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In the context of weather forecasting, particularly for severe events like thunderstorms, IMD issues Nowcasts, which are short-term, detailed predictions. What is the time duration for which IMD generally issues a Nowcast for severe weather events?
Options:
Option: B
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The frequency of extreme daily rainfall events (crossing 150 mm) in Central India has seen a dramatic rise due to changing climate patterns. Experts noted that this frequency increased by approximately what percentage between 1950 and 2015?
Options:
Option: C
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The Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) is quantified over the JJAS (June, July, August, September) period. Research suggests that the ISMR is exhibiting a positive trend related to global temperature change. What is the estimated increasing trend rate of ISMR per Kelvin (K) increase in global temperature?
Options:
Option: B