Denudation Chronology and Erosional Surfaces

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1. A method to date rocks in a given region
2. A reconstruction of the historical development of the landscape
3. A study of the evolution of flora and fauna in a region
4. A method to measure soil erosion in a region

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1. Principles of uniformitarianism and palimpsest topography
2. Principles of gravity and tectonics
3. Principles of ecology and hydrology
4. Principles of geodesy and seismology

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1. To identify and interpret planation surfaces
2. To measure soil erosion in a region
3. To study the evolution of flora and fauna in a region
4. To study the tectonic activity in a region

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1. The study of the history of vegetation in a region
2. A surface that bears the imprints of geomorphological processes during past geological periods
3. The study of the formation of mountains and valleys
4. The process of soil erosion in a region

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1. To study the evolution of flora and fauna in a region
2. To measure the tectonic activity in a region
3. To identify and interpret planation surfaces developed in past cycles and subcycles of erosion
4. To study the history of human settlements in a region

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1. A deductive approach to understanding geomorphic history
2. A speculative approach to understanding geomorphic history
3. A method for dating erosion surfaces
4. A method for understanding the original forms of erosion surfaces

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1. It relies on too much evidence
2. It is too speculative
3. It is too focused on the original forms of erosion surfaces
4. It relies on limited information and evidence

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1. Elevated areas of land that have been heavily eroded
2. Flat or near-flat surfaces formed by cycles of erosion
3. Areas of land that have been heavily impacted by earthquakes
4. Undulating ground surfaces caused by volcanic activity

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1. They provide clues for the reconstruction of denudation chronology
2. They are important for understanding volcanic activity
3. They are useful for dating geological formations
4. They are critical for understanding the impact of earthquakes

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1. Valley side benches
2. River terraces
3. Raised beaches
4. Structural benches

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1. Erosion surfaces are formed due to the removal of weak strata by denudational processes, while structural benches are structurally controlle
2. Erosion surfaces cut across geological formations and structures, while structural benches are parallel to the exposed underlying strata and their dip angle.
3. Erosion surfaces are formed due to erosion of different rock types and different geological structures, while structural benches are formed due to removal of overlying weak strata by denudational processes.
4. Erosion surfaces are found at higher elevations, while structural benches are found at lower elevations.

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1. Because most erosion surfaces have been largely affected by tectonic movements such as uplifting, subsidence, and upwarping.
2. Because sea-level is not stable and has experienced several phases of positive and negative changes due to climatic changes and tectonic movement.
3. Becausee most erosion surfaces have been up-lifted to higher elevations.
4. Because erosion surfaces closer to sea-level have not yet experienced subsidence.

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1. Sea-level has remained constant throughout the geological and geomorphic history of the earth.
2. Sea-level is not stable and has experienced several phases of positive and negative changes due to climatic changes and tectonic movement.
3. Sea-level has only experienced positive changes due to glacial and interglacial ice ages.
4. Sea-level has only experienced negative changes due to upliftment and subsidence of coastal land and sea floor.

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1. Aerial photography
2. Ground checks and field observation
3. Satellite imagery
4. Topographic maps

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1. Two frequency maximas
2. Four frequency maximas
3. Six frequency maximas
4. Ten frequency maximas

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1. 800 feet (240 m)
2. 500 feet (150 m)
3. 1000-1200 feet (305 m – 366 m)
4. 1350-1400 feet (427 m)

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1. A weak frequency peak
2. A strong frequency peak
3. No frequency peak
4. A structural surface

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1. Tectonic, structural, erosion
2. Erosion, tectonic, structural
3. Structural, erosion, tectonic
4. Tectonic, erosion, structural

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1. 427 m
2. 1000 ft
3. 305 m
4. 800 ft

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1. 427 m
2. 1000 ft
3. 305 m
4. 800 ft

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