Climatic Change

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1. Animal and vegetable indicators
2. Floral and faunal indicators
3. Tropical and temperate indicators
4. Desert and rainforest indicators

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1. Warm and dry climate
2. Warm and very moist conditions
3. Extreme aridity of summer season
4. Cold climatic conditions

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1. The study of fossilized organic remains of plants and animals
2. The study of pollen grains and spores of plants
3. The study of geomorphological processes
4. The study of historical records

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1. By identifying the types of vegetation on the basis of pollen grains
2. By showing the relative abundance of different pollen types over time
3. By reflecting changes in the type and distribution of vegetation
4. All of the above

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1. Radiocarbon dating
2. Pollen analysis
3. Tree ring analysis
4. Stratigraphic analysis

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1. Determination of climatic condition of each sediment layer
2. Identification of plant species on the basis of their pollen grains
3. Dating of pollen grains of each layer
4. All of the above

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1. Dominance of pine in the lower layer
2. Prevalence of pine and spruce in the middle layer
3. Oak, beech and spruce species of trees in the upper layer
4. All of the above

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1. Warm and moist climate
2. Cool climate
3. Dry and arid climate
4. Tropical climate

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1. Inability to separate pollen grains of dominant and co-dominant plant species
2. Wind carrying pollen grains to distant places
3. Both A and B
4. None of the above

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1. The study of the annual rings of trees
2. The study of the distribution of vegetation
3. The study of the size and shape of tree leaves
4. The study of the composition of soil

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1. Pollens are deposited selectively and randomly
2. Pollens only represent mature vegetation
3. Pollens cannot survive long periods of time
4. Pollens only come from a limited number of plant species

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1. The distribution of vegetation has been modified by human actions
2. Pollen only represents successional stages
3. Pollen analysis can only be used for ancient climates
4. Both and

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1. The study of the distribution of vegetation
2. The study of the size and shape of tree leaves
3. The study of the annual rings of trees in determining the dates and chronological orders of past climatic events
4. The study of the composition of soil

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1. Widely spaced thick growth rings denote arid climate and poor growth of trees
2. Narrow and closely spaced tree growth rings denote warm and moist climate with sufficient rainfall to support luxurious and quick growth of trees
3. The color of growth rings denotes seasonal weather conditions
4. Both and

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1. By studying the shapes of tree growth rings
2. By analyzing the relationship between weather elements and tree growth ring characteristics
3. By studying the distribution of vegetation
4. Both and

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1. Reconstructing the distribution of vegetation
2. Reconstructing ancient climates
3. Reconstructing the advances and retreats of glaciers in the recent past
4. Both and

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1. Radiocarbon dating and crystal analysis
2. Radiocarbon dating and isotope analysis
3. Crystal analysis and isotope analysis
4. Radiocarbon dating and carbon analysis

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1. It helps in determining the lithological succession of sedimentary formations
2. It helps in identifying the new species of organisms
3. It helps in determining the age of animal fossils
4. It helps in reconstructing the sequences of palaeoclimates

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1. On mountains and hills
2. In deserts and arid regions
3. At the bottoms of oceans, lakes, and rivers
4. In the forests and jungles

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1. The comparison of animals of a particular geological period with identical animals at present provides the climatic conditions in which they live
2. The comparison of animal fossils in each layer provides the lithological succession of sedimentary formations.
3. The proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 remains fixed while the organism is alive.
4. The isotope analysis of the chemistry of skeletons of fossilized animals helps in determining paleoclimates.

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