Karst Geomorphology

Who presented evidences in support of W.M. Davis’ theory of cave formation?
Options:
1. J.H. Bretz
2. Malott
3. Swinnerton
4. J.H. Gardner
Option: A
According to which theory, caves are not formed by phreatic water under hydrostatic pressure, but are formed by lateral flow of water in the vadose zone or by freely moving water at the level of water table?
Options:
1. Two-cycle theory
2. Water table theory
3. Corrasion theory
4. Static water zone theory
Option: B
Which theory suggests that caves are formed due to solution of limestone above the water table, where the groundwater level remained stable for a long period of time?
Options:
1. Two-cycle theory
2. Water table theory
3. Corrasion theory
4. Static water zone theory
Option: D
Which theory argues that caves are formed by the invasion of surface water into the underground drainage system?
Options:
1. Two-cycle theory
2. Water table theory
3. Corrasion theory
4. Invasion theory
Option: D
What are the two stages in the development of caves?
Options:
1. River valleys become deeper and groundwater remains static
2. Groundwater remains static and river valleys become shallower
3. River valleys become wider and groundwater becomes more dynamic
4. Groundwater becomes stagnant and the climate becomes dryer
Option: A
How are caves formed in stages?
Options:
1. Through the melting of ice formations
2. Through the erosion of the limestone by meteoric water
3. Through the action of volcanic lava
4. Through the deposition of sedimentary rocks
Option: B
What is the ‘invasion theory’ of Malott?
Options:
1. The theory that caves are formed through the melting of ice formations
2. The theory that caves are formed through the action of volcanic lava
3. The theory that caves are formed by the subterranean streams
4. The theory that caves are formed by the deposition of sedimentary rocks
Option: C
According to Malott, how were most of the present caverns and galleries in limestone regions formed?
Options:
1. Through the melting of ice formations
2. Through the erosion of the limestone by meteoric water
3. Through the action of volcanic lava
4. Through the deposition of sedimentary rocks
Option: B
What happens to the static water zone in the first stage of cave development during the second stage?
Options:
1. It becomes deeper
2. It becomes wider
3. It is lost to the river
4. It becomes more dynamic
Option: C
What are face streams and how do they contribute to the formation of caverns and galleries in limestone regions?
Options:
1. Face streams are streams that flow on the surface of the limestone, and they erode the rock to create caverns and galleries.
2. Face streams are underground streams that dissolve and abrade the limestone to create caverns and galleries.
3. Face streams are streams that flow on the surface of the limestone, and they deposit minerals to create caverns and galleries.
4. Face streams have no role in the formation of caverns and galleries.
Option: B
What are ponores?
Options:
1. Natural bridges formed in limestone regions.
2. Deposits of calcite in caverns.
3. Vertical pipe-like chasms or passages that connect caves and swallow holes in Serbi
4. Inclined passages that form due to the downward extension of sinkholes.
Option: C
How are natural bridges formed in limestone regions?
Options:
1. Due to deposition of minerals by surface streams.
2. Due to the collapse of the roofs of caves.
3. Due to erosion caused by face streams.
4. Due to the formation of valleys below the ground surface.
Option: B
The calcareous deposits at the mouth of caves are called
Options:
1. Dripstones
2. Stalactites
3. Stalagmites
4. Tufa or calc-tufa
Option: D
What are stalactites and stalagmites, and how are they formed?
Options:
1. Stalactites and stalagmites are deposits of calcite formed by the deposition of minerals from surface streams.
2. Stalactites and stalagmites are deposits of calcite formed by the deposition of minerals from seepage water and water flowing out of stalagmites.
3. Stalactites are formed due to the deposition of calcareous solutes carried by water dripping through the cave ceiling in dry environments, while stalagmites are formed due to the deposition of calcareous solutes on the cave floor.
4. Stalactites are formed due to erosion caused by face streams, while stalagmites are formed due to the deposition of calcareous solutes on the cave floor.
Option: C
The needle-shaped dripstones hanging from the cave ceiling are called as
Options:
1. Drapes or curtains
2. Helictites
3. Stalactites
4. Stalagmites
Option: B
The floor deposits caused by seepage water and water flowing out of stalagmites are known as
Options:
1. Dripstones
2. Flowstones
3. Stalactites
4. Stalagmites
Option: B
How are the shapes of stalactites controlled?
Options:
1. By the shape of the cave floor.
2. By the minerals deposited by surface streams.
3. By the shape of the cave ceiling.
4. By the erosion caused by face streams.
Option: C
What kind of stalactites are formed when the cave ceiling is flat but gently inclined towards one side?
Options:
1. Elongated stalactites
2. Inclined stalactites
3. Compound stalactites
4. None of the above
Option: A
What is the process that forms a column-like structure of stalagmites at various centres?
Options:
1. Precipitation and crystallization
2. Subterranean drainage
3. Normal fluvial cycle of erosion
4. None of the above
Option: A
What are the resultant stalagmites called when they are formed together from closely spaced centres?
Options:
1. Elongated stalagmites
2. Inclined stalagmites
3. Compound stalagmites
4. None of the above
Option: C

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Karst Geomorphology

Who presented evidences in support of W.M. Davis’ theory of cave formation?

Options:

According to which theory, caves are not formed by phreatic water under hydrostatic pressure, but are formed by lateral flow of water in the vadose zone or by freely moving water at the level of water table?

Options:

Which theory suggests that caves are formed due to solution of limestone above the water table, where the groundwater level remained stable for a long period of time?

Options:

Which theory argues that caves are formed by the invasion of surface water into the underground drainage system?

Options:

What are the two stages in the development of caves?

Options:

How are caves formed in stages?

Options:

What is the ‘invasion theory’ of Malott?

Options:

According to Malott, how were most of the present caverns and galleries in limestone regions formed?

Options:

What happens to the static water zone in the first stage of cave development during the second stage?

Options:

What are face streams and how do they contribute to the formation of caverns and galleries in limestone regions?

Options:

What are ponores?

Options:

How are natural bridges formed in limestone regions?

Options:

The calcareous deposits at the mouth of caves are called

Options:

What are stalactites and stalagmites, and how are they formed?

Options:

The needle-shaped dripstones hanging from the cave ceiling are called as

Options:

The floor deposits caused by seepage water and water flowing out of stalagmites are known as

Options:

How are the shapes of stalactites controlled?

Options:

What kind of stalactites are formed when the cave ceiling is flat but gently inclined towards one side?

Options:

What is the process that forms a column-like structure of stalagmites at various centres?

Options:

What are the resultant stalagmites called when they are formed together from closely spaced centres?

Options: