According to Penck’s model, where does the reduction in debris-covered slope begin?
Options:
At the top of the slope
At the middle of the slope
At the basal slope
At the intersection point of upper slope segment
Option: C
Why is the required mobility for the removal of debris higher on the basal slope than on the cliff slope according to Penck’s model?
Options:
The gradient of the basal slope is higher
The gradient of the cliff slope is higher
The gradient of the basal slope is lower
The gradient of the cliff slope is lower
Option: D
What happens when the required mobility is attained at the basal slope in Penck’s model?
Options:
The rock debris begins to move downwards on all segments of slope profile.
The rock debris begins to move upwards on all segments of slope profile.
The rock debris starts accumulating at the basal slope.
The rock debris starts accumulating at the cliff slope.
Option: A
According to Young, what are the errors in Penck’s second model?
Options:
The application of the mechanism of rockfall and instantaneous removal of debris from cliff slope to the regolith-covered slope is unrealistic, and Penck’s assumption that all parts of basal slopes or its later replacement slopes are equally exposed to weathering is erroneous.
The assumption that all parts of the basal slope are equally exposed to weathering is erroneous, and the assumption that debris does not move from the lowest slope segment because of lack of sufficient slope gradient is unrealisti
The application of the mechanism of rockfall and instantaneous removal of debris from cliff slope to the regolith-covered slope is unrealistic, and the mechanism of slope development based on the rate of stream erosion is flawe
The assumption that debris does not move from the lowest slope segment because of lack of sufficient slope gradient is unrealistic, and the mechanism of slope development based on the rate of stream erosion is flawe
Option: A
According to Penck’s model, what kind of slope is developed in the case of constant rate of stream erosion?
Options:
Convex valley side slope
Concave valley side slope
Rectilinear slope
None of the above
Option: C
What is the possible interpretation of slope profile during its evolutionary stages?
Options:
Consists of several intersecting rectilinear segments
Becomes concave profile
Both a and b
None of the above
Option: C
Which researcher expressed doubt about the parallel retreat of cliff rock face by uniform rate of weathering?
Options:
Young
H. Mortensen
Wood
None of the above
Option: B
Which model presents a hypothesis of slope evolution in which gentle slope succeeds steeper, but in a manner very different from the Davisian scheme?
Options:
Wood’s Model
P enck’s Model
H. Mortensen’s Model
None of the above
Option: C
According to Wood’s model of slope development, what are the two processes included?
Options:
Parallel retreat of slope and adjustment between rate of weathering and rate of transportation of weathered materials
Parallel retreat of slope and adjustment between rate of erosion and rate of transportation of eroded materials
Parallel retreat of slope and adjustment between rate of weathering and rate of accumulation of weathered materials
None of the above
Option: A
What happens to the lower segment of free face slope in Wood’s model of slope development?
Options:
It is continuously covered with debris and becomes a constant slope
It remains a free face
It becomes concave
None of the above
Option: A
What is the model of slope evolution developed by Wood?
Options:
Algebraic
Geometrical
Statistical
None of the above
Option: B
Is the model of slope evolution developed by Wood able to solve all problems regarding slope development?
Options:
Yes
No
Cannot be determined
None of the above
Option: B
What are some of the problems and confusions that the model of slope evolution developed by Wood is unable to solve?
Options:
Convexity and concavity in the last phase of slope development
The formation of canyons
The occurrence of landslides
None of the above
Option: A
Does Wood present convincing arguments for the existence of convexity and concavity in the last phase of slope development?
Options:
Yes
No
Cannot be determined
None of the above
Option: B
What is the difficulty in accepting the transformation of a constant debris slope into a concave form?
Options:
The arbitrary assumption of transforming convex rock slope into concave slope form.
The lack of detailed field observations by King.
The modification of topographic features by Pleistocene glaciation.
The rejection of basic tenets of climatic geomorphology.
Option: A
What is the hillslope cycle theory of L. King?
Options:
A model based on detailed field observations of slope making and controlling processes.
A broad view based on reconnaissance observations on a world scale.
A theory that landscapes are developed in humid temperate climates and areas.
A concept that slope forms vary from one climatic type to the other.
Option: B
What did King observe about South African landscapes?
Options:
Most of the topographic features had been modified by Pleistocene glaciation.
Humid temperate climates and areas could not be normal for landscape development.
Present-day landforms are relict features developed in the past periglacial climate.
Subtropical semi-humid regions are the most normal for landscape evolution.
Option: D
What does King maintain about the physical controls of landscape in different climatic environments?
Options:
The variations in slope forms and slope elements depend on climatic types.
The basic physical controls of landscape remain the same in all climatic environments.
Slope forms vary from one climatic type to the other.
The variations in slope forms and slope elements depend on the degree of aridity.
Option: B
According to King, what are the components of a standard hillslope?
Options:
Convexity, free face, rectilinearity, and basal concavity.
Concavity, free face, sinuosity, and basal convexity.
Convexity, roughness, sinuosity, and basal concavity.
Concavity, roughness, rectilinearity, and basal convexity.
Option: A
What are the products of normal processes of slope evolution?